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Usually, to determine a size of object, must know its shape and size.
Regarding the cuboid, knows its long, width and high, may calculate its volume using the formula of Euclidean geometry, so long as knows that it to another may neglect the size the static frame of reference about, about and fore-and-aft distance, similarly sufficed using the Euclidean geometry.
The instantaneous position of description mobile is insufficient, but also needs to know the instantaneous speed and acceleration. From this, may abstract the concept of the three-dimensional space coordinate system and one-dimensional time coordinates. Object kinetic property and rule, with using what kind of three-dimensional coordinate system and time coordinates measure have the close relationship. For the definite eastward deflection, l. Newton abstracts an idea of three absolute space and absolute time. The absolute space satisfies the three dimensional Euclidean geometry, the absolute time passes evenly, their natural dispositions with have nothing to do in any concrete object and movement. To the static or the object of uniform rectilinear translation absolute space is the coordinate system of frame of reference, is the eastward deflection.
In the classical mechanics, the random object satisfies the Galilean transformation between the space coordinate quantity and time coordinates of quantities different inertial coordinate system. Under this group of transformations, position and speed relative \; The acceleration of the spatial length, the time-gap and mobile is absolute or invariable. Synchrony in the time measurement is also invariable \; To the two events of some inertia reference system whether simultaneously occurred is invariable. To two events that some inertia reference system simultaneously has, to two events that some inertia reference system simultaneously has, to other inertia reference systems also surely is simultaneously, is called the synchrony absolute quality. All rules of Newtonian mechanics, including the law of universal gravitation, its form under the Galilean transformation are invariable. This point can abstract is the Galileo relativity principle \; Form of the law in mechanics under the transformation of inertia reference system is invariable. Meanwhile, the invariability and conservation law are closely related. Time translation invariability of the mobile under Galilean transformation, corresponds to this object conservation of energy \; Spatial translation and spatial rotation invariability under Galilean transformation, corresponds to this object conservation of momentum and conservation of angular momentum.
If there is absolute space, the object must be able to survey to the movement of absolute space. This is equal in requesting certain mechanical motion laws should include certainly the speed. However, does not contain the absolute speed in the scientific rule. In other words, the accuracy of apocalypse scientific law, does not request certainly to have the absolute space.
According to this kind of transformation, the length and time-gap of ruler( i.e. the speed of clock) is not invariable \; The high-velocity ruler to static ruler shortening, the high-velocity clock slows down to the static clock.
The synchrony also no longer is invariable( or absolute) \; To two events that some inertia reference system simultaneously has, simultaneously does not occur to another high-velocity inertia reference system.
In the restricted theory of relativity, the speed of light is the invariant, thus time - space interval( i.e. space and time gap) is also the invariant \; During some eastward deflections, besides corresponding in time translation and spatial translation invariable conservation of energy and conservation of momentum, but also has time - spatial translation invariability \; Therefore, has energy - law of conservation of momentum. According to this conservation law, may derive quality - energy relationship. This relations are quite basic in the atomic physics and nuclear physics.
The principle of special relativity requests all physical rules to have the same form regarding the inertia system. However, integrates this request not to be based on the observation fact the law of gravity.
According to general theory of relativity, if considers the force of inertia or the gravitational interaction between objects, the inertia reference system that does not have the wide scope, only has the partial eastward deflection at the random space-time point \; During different space-time point partial eastward deflections, through force of inertia or attraction interconnection. Had the force of inertia space and time is still the straight four-dimensional Minkowski space and time.
Has the gravitational field space and time, is no longer straight, is the four-dimensional curved space-time, its geome tric properties have the four-dimensional Riemannian geometry description of signature by the divider. The bending strain of space and time by in material( object or field) and energy of movement - momentum tensor, determined through the gravitational field equation.
In general theory of relativity, time - space no longer merely is the object or the field movement „stage”, curving time - space is in itself the gravitational field. Attribute attraction time - space the nature of nature and in the object and field of movement is closely related.
At the same time, the energy of object and field movement - momentum as the source of gravitational field, through the intensity of field equation determination gravitational field, namely the bending strain of space and time \; On the other hand, the geome tric properties of curved space-time also decided in the kinetic property of object and field of movement.
If Sun as the source of gravitational field, its quality enables the space and time that Sun to occur curvingly, its bending strain attributes the solar gravitational field the intensity. Most is close to Sun the path of Mercury affects in a big way, will have the deflection after the star light of solar edge, wait / etc..
Shortly after the general theory of relativity proposed, the astronomical observation indicated that the theoretical calculation of general theory of relativity was consistent with the observation result.
Regarding the understanding of space and time, the understanding with universe closely has been related. The modern cosmogony is based on the cosmological principle and Einstein gravitational field equation.
The cosmological principle believes that the universe as a whole, in the time is the evolution, namely has the time arrow, in the space is even isotropic.
Quantum mechanics description the space position and momentum of, time and energy system are unable simultaneously the precision measuring, they to satisfy the uncertainty relations \; The classical trajectory no longer has precise significance, how to understand that the essence of the quantum mechanics as well as related survey, has had the argument. In apocalypse, about entanglement and quantum teleportation, the quantum information of research regarding time - space closely related casuality and localization and other important concepts, brings the new issue and challenge.
Quantum electrodynamics, quantum field theory and electricity weak unified model that the union of the quantum mechanics and restricted theory of relativity causes, including describing strong interaction standard model of quantum color dynamics, although obtains very in a big way successful, but also brings some challenging difficulties. While profoundly is changing some related time - space important concept, has brought something of principle.
The vacuum not spatial, has zero point energy and vacuum fluctuation, significantly changed the physics regarding the understanding of vacuum.
In the here foundation, the perturbation theory computation of quantum electrodynamics may give the result and testing tallies precisely, however this infinitesimal disturbance launches is actually unreasonable. The mechanism of broken symmetry causes to transmit the weak function the middle boson to obtain the quality, however the vacuum expected value and previously mentioned zero point energy of Heigesi field, are equal to universe Changshu in a sense, its value actually compared with cosmological constant of astronomical observation big dozens to more than 100 magnitudes.( To be continued.)
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